合规解读-公司决议被法院撤销了，据此签署的合同还有效吗?

实践中，我们有时会遇到公司的决议因为不符合公司法律的规定而被法院判决该决议不成立、无效或者被撤销。该种情形出现以后，公司之前据此决议对外签署的合同是否继续有效，该如何处理该合同，实践中，不同的法院会有不同的裁判观点。

In practice, we sometimes encounter the company's resolution because it does not comply with the provisions of the company law and the court ruled that the resolution is not established, invalid or revoked. In practice, different courts have different opinions on whether the contract signed by the company according to this resolution is still valid and how to deal with the contract.

有的法院认为，既然法院判决确认决议不成立、决议无效或者  撤销决议，依据该决议形成的合同行为应当认定无效，因为形成该合同的基础丧失殆尽。

Some courts have held that since the court ruled that the resolution was not established, invalid or revoked, the contractual act formed by the resolution should be considered invalid because the basis for the formation of the contract was lost.

 还有的法院认为，尽管法院判决确认决议不成立、决议无效或者撤销决议，该决议只在公司内部不产生法律约束力，但涉及公司外部关系则不受任何影响。

Other courts have held that despite a court decision confirming a resolution as not valid, invalid or revoking a resolution, the resolution is not legally binding only within the company, but is not affected in any way when it comes to relationships outside the company.

笔者曾处理过类似案件，认为法院判决确认决议不成立、决议无效或者销决议后，该决议只在公司内部不产生法律约束力，涉及公司外部关系应当具体情况具体分析对待，对善意第三人无溯及力，不受任何影响。

I have dealt with similar cases, that the court ruling to confirm the resolution is not established, the resolution is invalid or cancel the resolution, the resolution only in the company does not produce legally binding, involving the company's external relations should be treated on a case-by-case basis, no retroactive effect on bona fide third party, not subject to any influence.

法院判决的溯及力问题主要发生在法院支持原告诉讼请求情形下。根据民法一般理论，无效或者被撤销的民事法律行为自始没有法律约束力，因此，法院确认股东会决议无效、决议不成立或者撤销公司决议的判决应当追溯适用于决议通过之日。关于决议效力的判决，在公司内部具有溯及力。决议被确认不成立、无效或者被撤销后，在公司内部自始没有法律约束力，由此产生的公司内部关系应由公司决定是否恢复原状。

The issue of retroactivity of the court's judgment mainly occurs when the court supports the plaintiff's claim. According to the general theory of civil law, an invalid or revoked civil legal act is not legally binding from the beginning, therefore, the court's decision to confirm the invalidity of the resolution of the shareholders' meeting, the failure of the resolution or the revocation of the resolution of the company should be applied retroactively to the date of the adoption of the resolution. The judgment on the validity of the resolution shall have retroactive effect within the company. After the resolution is confirmed as not established, invalid or revoked, it is not legally binding within the company from the beginning, and the resulting intra-company relations shall be decided by the company whether to restore the status quo ante.

另一方面，如何维护交易安全便成为一个现实问题，公司自身的内部问题显然不能成为侵害善意第三人利益的正当理由。

On the other hand, how to maintain the security of the transaction becomes a real problem, the company's own internal problems obviously can not be a legitimate reason to infringe on the interests of bona fide third parties.

原则上，对于纯粹的公司内部纠纷，应当尊重公司章程、公司决议的效力；违法、不成立或决议无效的除外。

In principle, for purely intra-company disputes, the validity of the articles of incorporation and corporate resolutions should be respected; except for those that are illegal, not established or invalid resolutions.

若是涉及公司与善意第三人的外部争议，则应基于商事外观主义，对第三人的信赖利益给予保护。《公司法规定(四)（2020修正）》对此作出了一定回应，其第6条规定：“股东会或者股东大会董事会决议被人民法院判决确认无效或者撤销的，公司依据该决议与善意相对人形成的民事法律关系不受影响。”该行为对公司有效，其法律后果应归属于公司。

In the case of external disputes involving the company and bona fide third parties, the reliance interests of the third parties shall be protected based on commercial appearance doctrine. The Company Law Provisions (IV) (2020 Amendment) responds to this in some way, with Article 6 stating that "If a resolution of the shareholders' meeting or the board of directors of the shareholders' meeting is confirmed as invalid or revoked by a people's court judgment, the civil legal relationship formed between the company and a bona fide relative based on the resolution shall not be affected." The act is valid for the company and its legal consequences shall be attributed to the company.

我国《民法典》第504条规定：“第五百零四条　法人的法定代表人或者非法人组织的负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限外，该代表行为有效，订立的合同对法人或者非法人组织发生效力。”第503条规定：“无权代理人以被代理人的名义订立合同，被代理人已经开始履行合同义务或者接受相对人履行的，视为对合同的追认。”

Article 504 of our Civil Code provides that "Article 504 A contract concluded by the legal representative of a legal person or the head of an unincorporated organization in excess of his authority shall be valid unless the counterparty knows or should know that he has exceeded his authority, and the contract concluded shall take effect with respect to the legal person or unincorporated organization." Article 503 provides that "an agent without authority to conclude a contract in the name of the agent, the agent has begun to perform the contractual obligations or accept the performance of the counterparty, is deemed to be a retroactive recognition of the contract."

公司股东会或董事会决议被宣告无效或者撤销后，公司法定代表人或代理人的行为失去授权依据，为无权代表或无权代理行为，但是对于与公司进行交易的善意第三人而言其可以主张表见代表或表见代理以维护自己的正当权益，当然，适用的前提必须是第三人真正达到了善意的标准。

After the resolution of the shareholders' meeting or the board of directors is declared invalid or revoked, the legal representative or agent of the company loses the authorization basis, and is a powerless representative or powerless agent, but the bona fide third party who deals with the company can claim the apparent representative or apparent agent to maintain their legitimate rights and interests, of course, the prerequisite for application must be the third party really reach the standard of bona fide.

如果公司以外的第三人明知或者应当知道公司决议存在瑕疵，而仍然与公司形成法律关系，此种关系若仍予以保护，并不公平。比如，法律规定必须经公司决议的对外合同交易行为，就构成公司外部合同行为的法律风险点，未经公司决议而达成时，合同交易行为本身的效力会受到影响，此时善意交易第三人不存在值得保护的“信赖”,公司决议实际上也就发挥了对外约束力。

If the third person outside the company knows or should know that the company's resolution has defects, and still form a legal relationship with the company, such relations if still be protected, is not fair. For example, the law must be resolved by the company's external contract transaction behavior, the company constitutes a legal risk point of external contract behavior, without the company's resolution and reached, the effectiveness of the contract transaction behavior itself will be affected, at this time the good faith transaction of the third party does not exist worthy of protection "trust", the company's resolution actually plays a external Binding force.

笔者团队专注商事争端解决，研究公司法律实务数十年，深谙商事争端裁判规则。本文不能视为对特定案件的法律建议或意见，仅为笔者团队在处理类似案件时法院的裁判规则。如你遇到公司法律问题，可以联系我们，获取更多专业的建议。

The author's team focuses on commercial dispute resolution and has studied corporate law practice for decades, and is well versed in the rules governing commercial disputes. This article cannot be considered as legal advice or opinion on a specific case, but only the rules of the courts when the author's team has handled similar cases. If you encounter a corporate legal problem, you can contact us for more professional advice.

传承律协“没法不爱”的公益理念，用“极简 无我”的态度传递“帮助律师扎根专业知识，与律师共同成长”的办所理念。